SUBHARTI ANATOMY TERMINAL EXAM PAPERS

Kidney

Kidney :
Pair of excretory organs situated on the posterior abdominal wall, one on each side of the vertebral column, behind the peritoneum.
Function: It removes waste products of metabolism & excess of water & Salt from blood & maintain its pH
External Features:
Shape: bean shaped.
Size: 11cm long, 6cm broad & 3cm thick
Left kidney is little longer and narrower than right kidney
Weight:  150g in male & 135g in female.

It has 2 poles, 2 borders & 2 surfaces
2 Poles - upper and lower pole.
Upper pole is broad and is close contact with corresponding suprarenal gland & lower pole is pointed
2 borders are lateral and medial.
Lateral border is convex, medial part is concave with a depression known as hilum or hilus
2 surfaces are anterior and posterior.
Anterior surface is irregular and posterior surface is flat but its difficult to recognise the surface on behalf of the looking the surface but the best way is to examine the structure present in hilum.
Hilum: from anterior to posterior
1. Renal vein draining in Inferior fans cava
2. Renal Artery branch of Abdominal Aorta
3. The Renal pelvis, which is extended part of ureter.

Location:
It occupy the epigasteric, hypochondriac,lumar & umbilical regions.
Extend from - upper border of T12 vertebra to the centre of the body of L3 vertebra.
Right kidney is lower then the left, left kidney is little nearer to median plane than the right.
The transpyloric plane passes through the upper part of hilus of the right kidney and through lower part if hilus of left kidney.

Relations of the Kidneys:
Common relations
1. Upper pole is related to suprarenal gland & lower pole is 2.5cm above iliac crests.
2. Medial border : suprarenal gland from above & ureter below hilus
3. Posterior surface of both kidneys are related to
  3.1. Diaphragm
  3.2. Medial & lateral arcuate ligament
  3.3. Psoas Major
  3.4. Quadratus lumborum
  3.5. Transversus a dominos
  3.6. Subcostal Vessels
  3.7. Subcostal, iliohypogastric & ilioinguinal nerves.

4. Structures of hilum

Uncommon Relations
         Right kidney.                  left kidney
1. Rt. Suprarenal gland.        Lft. Suprarenal gland
2. Liver.                                  Spleen
3. 2nd part if duodenum.     Stomach
4. Hepatic Flexure of colon  Pancreas
5. Small intestine.                 Splenic vessels
6.                                            Splenic flexure & descending colom
7.                                            Jejunum

Capsule or Covering of kidney:
1. The fibrous Capsule
This is thin membrane which closely invests the kidney & lines the renal sinus.
2. Periprenal or Perinephric Fat
Layer of adipose tissue lying out side fibrous capsule. The perireanl fascia was originally described as being made up of two seperate layers
2.1. Posterior layer k/a fascia of  Zuckerkandall
2.2. Anterior layer as fadcia of Gerota.

3. Pararenal or Paranephric Body
It consist of a veriable amount of fat lying outside the renal fascia. Most abundant posteriorly & towards the lower lower pole of the kidney. Its fills Paravertebral gutter & forms a cushion for the kidney.

Arterial Supply:
Renal artery arising from abdominal aorta.
Divided in Anterior & posterior artery.
These artery giving further branches gives rise to segmental arteries.
5 segments
1. Apical
2. Upper
3. Middle
4. Lower
5. Posterior
Each segment artery further divide in lobar artery one for each pyramid. Each lobar artery divide into 2-3 interlobar arteries.
Interlobar artery give rise to arcuate arteries which give off interlobular arteries known as end arteries.

Supination and Pronation

Supination - In semiflexed elbow, the palm is turned upward. It is more powerful than pronation because it is an antigravity movement.
Movements- all screwing movements of hand, e.g. As in tightening nuts and bolts.
It is brought by supinator & biceps brachii.


Pronation - In semiflexed elbow, the palm is turned downward. It is brought about chiefly by pronator quadratus. Aided by pronator teres while rapid movement and against resistance




These are the rotatory movements of the forearm around vertical axis
The axis is not stationary because the lower end of ulna is not fixed - it moves backward & laterally during pronation and forwards & medially during supination.
As a result the axis is displaced laterally in pronation, and medially in supination.

Dawbarn's Sign

In Subacromial Bursitis, pressure over the deltoid below the acromion with the arm hanging by sides causes pain. However, when the arm is abducted pressure over the same point causes no pain, because bursa disappears under the acromion.
Subacromial or subdeltoid bursitis is usually secondary to inflammation of the supraspinatus tendon.

Important Topics of Abdomen and Pelvis

IMPORTANT TOPICS OF ABDOMEN & PELVIS

Superficial fascia

Muscles of ant. Abdominal wall

Conjoint tendon

Cremaster muscle

Rectus sheath

Spermatic cord

Inguinal canal

Hernia

Transverse section of body of penis

Testis

Epididymis

Development of testis with applied

Peritoneum

Stomach(stomach bed)

Second and fourth part of deodenum

Meckel's diverticulum

Vermiform appendix

Coeliac trunk and its branches

Inferior mesenteric artery

Portosystemic communication

Gall bladder

Liver and its applied

Pancrease development and applied

Hepatic segment

Kindey(relation)

Development of diaphragm

Muscle of posterior abdominal wall

Pudendal nerve

Uterus

Ligaments of uterus & support(including role)

Anal canal

** Applied and diagrams are important of the above topic.

Flexor Retinaculum & Related Structures of hand

            

Structures passing beneath the flexor retinaculum

From medial to lateral:

1. Flexor digitorum superficialis
2. Flexor digitorum profundus
3. Medial N
4. Flexor pollicis longus
5. Flexor carpi radialis

4 muscles and 1 nerve,ulnar bursa and radila bursa also lie deep to Flexor retinaculum

Structures passing above flexor retinaculum

From medial to lateral:

1. Flexor carpi ulnaris tendon
2. Ulnar N
3. Ulnar artery
4. Palmar cutaneous br of Ulnar N
5. Palmaris Longus tendon
6. Palmar cutaneous br of Median N

2 tendons and 3 nerves and an artery.

Anatomy Question paper 2nd terminal 2011

                                              Subharti Medical College

                            Anatomy 2nd Terminal Exam 2011

Subharti Student: Anatomy Professional Exam 2011-12

                                       Subharti Medical college

                             First Professional MBBS Degree Examination
                                                  Paper - I   Anatomy
Time: 3 hrs Max marks: 50
Instructions:
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary
• Answer all questions.
Q 1. Describe nucleus, course, distribution, and applied Aspect of Facial nerve?
Q 2. Draw well label Diagram only

• Transverse section of medulla at level of motor Decussation
•  Histology of Thyroid Gland

Q 3. Describe Briefly :-

• Circle of Willis And its applied
• Otic ganglion with its branches
• Lymphatic drainage of mammary gland and its applied
• Cubital Fossa

Q 4. Write short notes on :-

• Subclavian Steal Syndrome
• Fibrous Joint
• Development of tongue and its correlation with its nerve supply 

____________________________________________________________________________

                                       Subharti Medical college

                             First Professional MBBS Degree Examination
                                                  Paper - II   Anatomy
Time: 3 hrs Max marks: 50
Instructions:
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary
• Answer all questions.
 Q 1. Describe Diaphragm with its Development and applied anatomy
 Q 2. Draw Well label Diagram only

• Stomach Bed
• Microanatomy of Kidney
• Popliteal Fossa

 Q 3. Write short note on :-

• Hemorrhoids/Piles
• Obturator Nerve
• Inversion And eversion movement of foot

 Q 4. Give applied anatomy of :-

• Supports of Uterus
• Femoral Canal
• Broncho Pulmonary Segments

 Q 5. Enumerate the  Following

•  Relations of ala of Sacrum
• Tributaries of Azygous Vein
• Structures Passing under Extensor Retinaculum of Foot

Here are the images of the question paper of  Anatomy

 

>>>>>>>>>> By Subharti Student Blog

Anatomy Professional Exam 2011-12

                                       Subharti Medical college

                             First Professional MBBS Degree Examination
                                                  Paper - I   Anatomy
Time: 3 hrs Max marks: 50
Instructions:
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary
• Answer all questions.
Q 1. Describe nucleus, course, distribution, and applied Aspect of Facial nerve?
Q 2. Draw well label Diagram only

• Transverse section of medulla at level of motor Decussation
•  Histology of Thyroid Gland

Q 3. Describe Briefly :-

• Circle of Willis And its applied
• Otic ganglion with its branches
• Lymphatic drainage of mammary gland and its applied
• Cubital Fossa

Q 4. Write short notes on :-

• Subclavian Steal Syndrome
• Fibrous Joint
• Development of tongue and its correlation with its nerve supply 

____________________________________________________________________________

                                       Subharti Medical college

                             First Professional MBBS Degree Examination
                                                  Paper - II   Anatomy
Time: 3 hrs Max marks: 50
Instructions:
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary
• Answer all questions.
 Q 1. Describe Diaphragm with its Development and applied anatomy
 Q 2. Draw Well label Diagram only

• Stomach Bed
• Microanatomy of Kidney
• Popliteal Fossa

 Q 3. Write short note on :-

• Hemorrhoids/Piles
• Obturator Nerve
• Inversion And eversion movement of foot

 Q 4. Give applied anatomy of :-

• Supports of Uterus
• Femoral Canal
• Broncho Pulmonary Segments

 Q 5. Enumerate the  Following

•  Relations of ala of Sacrum
• Tributaries of Azygous Vein
• Structures Passing under Extensor Retinaculum of Foot

Here are the images of the question paper of  Anatomy

 

Coarctation of the aorta, or aortic coarctation

                  

Coarctation of the aorta, or aortic coarctation, is a congenital condition whereby the aorta narrows in the area where the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum after regression) inserts. Aortic coarctation is considered when a section of the aorta is narrowed to an abnormal width. The word “coarctation” means narrowing. Coarctations are most common where the aorta — the major artery leading away from the heart — arches toward the abdomen and legs. The aortic arch may be small in babies with coarctations. Other cardiac defects may also occur when coarctation is present, typically occurring on the left side of the heart. When a patient has a coarctation, the left ventricle has to work harder. Since the aorta is narrowed, the left ventricle must generate a much higher pressure than normal in order to force enough blood through the aorta to deliver blood to the lower part of the body. If the narrowing is severe enough, the left ventricle may not be strong enough to push blood through the coarctation, thus resulting in lack of blood to the lower half of the body.

THE ANASTOMOSES AROUND THE SCAPULA

The anastomoses around scapula is an arterial anastomosis around both surfaces of scapula bone between the branches of subclavian and axillary arteries. The arteries taking part in this anastomoses are‐
1. The suprascapular artery from thyrocervical trunk of first part of subclavian artery. The artery reaches upper border of scapula and passes above suprascapular ligament to reach supraspinous fossa, then it curves around spinoglenoid notch to reach infraspinous fossa.
2. The deep branch of transverse cervical artery‐also from thyrocervical trunk. The artery descends along medial border of scapula deep to levator scapulae and rhomboids (sometimes the artery arises from third part of subclavian artery and is known as dorsal scapular artery).
3. The subscapular artery from third part of axillary. Its circumflex scapular branch passes between the two origins of teres minor, enters infraspinous fossa. Another branch accompanies the thoraco‐dorsal nerve. Functional importance
a. The anastomoses provides sufficient amount of blood to scapular muscles and upper extremity during movements of shoulder joint from lateral border of scapula on its dorsal surface.
b. In case of blockage of main arterial trunk‐distal to the origin of thyrocervical trunk and proximal to the origin of subscapular artery, this anastomoses provides an alternative route for the supply of blood to upper extremity.

Enumerate the boundaries, contents of axilla, name the various branches of axillary artery

(i)                 THE AXILLA

 The axilla is the space between upper part of medial side of arm and lateral side of thorax. Shape is pyramidal

Boundaries The walls are anterior, posterior, medial and lateral. It has an apex and a base. a. The anterior wall is formed by Pectoralis major Clavipectoral fascia Pectoralis minor b. The posterior wall is formed by‐ Subscapularis Latissimus dorsi Teres major c. The medial wall is formed by Serratus anterior covering upper part of lateral thoracic wall. d. The lateral wall is narrow and formed by Shaft of humerus Coracobrachialis

Short head of biceps brachii

The apex is triangular and directed upwards and medially towards root of neck. It is bounded by Clavicle anteriorly First rib medially Upper border of scapula posteriorly The base of axilla is formed by axillary fascia. Contents of the axilla are:

 a. The axillary artery and its branches

 b. The axillary vein and its tributaries

 c. The three cords of brachial plexus and their branches.

 d. The axillary lymph nodes

e. Fibrofatty tissue

f. The axillary tail of Spence of mammary gland in females.

THE AXILLARY ARTERY

The axillary artery is the main arterial trunk of the upper extremity.∙

 Beginning

The axillary artery begins at the outer border of first rib as continuation of third part of subclavian artery.

Course

 The artery passes laterally and downwards.

 a. First part extends from outer border of first rib to medial border of pectoralis minor.

 b. Second part is the short segment of artery that lies behind pectoralis minor.

 c. Third part is the longest part that extends from lateral border of pectoralis minor to lower border of teres major.

Branches

The artery gives six branches.

From first part:

one branch

 1.The superior thoracic artery is a small branch supplying first intercostal space.

From second part:

two branches

 2. The thoracoacromial artery pierces clavipectoral fascia and divides into four branches. a. The deltoid branch lies in deltopectoral groove.

b. The clavicular branch supplies sternoclavicular joint and subclavius muscle.

c. The pectoral branch for the pectoral muscles.

d. The acromion branch takes part in anastomosis over acromion process.

 3. The lateral thoracic artery runs along the lateral border of pectoralis minor

In females, it is large and supplies the mammary gland.

From third part:

three branches

 4. The anterior circumflex humeral curves around the surgical neck of humerus from front.

 5. The posterior circumflex humeral is a larger branch that accompanies axillary nerve through quadrangular space.

 6. The subscapular artery is large artery that follows lateral border of scapula.

Model Mbbs 1st year Paper Anatomy

                          MODEL QUESTION PAPER

                         First Professional MBBS Degree Examination
Paper –I ANATOMY
Time: 3 hrs Max marks: 50
Instructions:
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary
• Answer all questions.
1. A 70 year old man on walking uphill feels sudden onset of severe
chest pain radiating to the medial side of left arm associated with
tiredness and sweating. He gives a history of similar attacks and
was on treatment. With your knowledge in Anatomy answer the
following questions.
• Name the organ affected
• Give a brief account of its arterial supply.
• Mention the reason for the radiation of pain.
• Name the covering of the organ and give their nerve supply.
(1+4+2+3=10 marks)
Write briefly on:
2. Inversion and eversion of foot
3. Bronchopulmonary segments of right lung
4. Radioulnar joints (3x5=15 marks)
Write notes on:
5. Decidua
6. Medial longitudinal arch of foot
7. Clavipectoral fascia
8. Coronary sinus
9. Rotator cuff (5x3=15 marks)
Write short answers on :
10. Enumerate the derivatives of neural crest
11. Down’s Syndrome
12. Microscopic structure of lymph node (3x2=6 marks)
Draw neat labelled diagram of the following:
13. Sagittal section through the shoulder joint
14. Sternocostal surface of heart (2x2=4 marks)

                              MODEL QUESTION PAPER

First Professional MBBS Degree ExaminationPaper -II ANATOMY
Time: 3 hrs Max marks: 50
Instructions:
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary
• Answer all questions.
1. A 10 year old boy was brought to the O.P with fever and difficulty
in opening his mouth and chewing. On examination there was a
swelling in front of his left ear associated with tenderness. Based
on your knowledge in Anatomy answer the following questions.
• Name the structure affected in this case
• Describe the coverings, surfaces and borders of the structure
• Mention the structure traversing it
• Give the nerve supply of the structure
(1+5+2+2=10 marks)
Write briefly on:
2. Ischiorectal fossa
3. Constituent fibres and arterial supply of internal capsule
4. Development and congenital anomalies of palate.(3x5=15 marks)
Write notes on:
5. Superior constrictor muscle
6. Auditory tube
7. Lateral geniculate body
8. Microscopic structure of retina
9. Superior mesenteric artery (5x3=15 marks)
Write short answers on:
10. Enumerate the arteries and nerves supplying anterior quadrant of
scalp
11. Meckel's diverticulum
12. Coverings of prostate gland (3x2=6 marks)
Draw neat labelled diagram of the following:
13. Structures seen posterior to the stomach
14. Transverse section through upper part of midbrain (2x2=4 marks)

Anatomy Professional Exam Part1 2010

                   King Edward Medical University, Lahore

                     MBBS 1^st Year Anatomy

                      1^st Prof Part I Annual Examination 2010

Time Allowed: 02 hours and 15 minutes

Attempt all questions:

SEQs:

Q.1: Define bursa. Give classification of bursa with examples. (7 marks)

Q.2: Draw and label a diagram showing the microscopic anatomy of lymph node.

(7 marks)

Q.3: Give an account of monozygotic twinning with anomalies. (6 marks)

PBQs:

Q.4: a)

A 25 years old man has pain in the chest which increases with cough and exertion. After examination, he was diagnosed to be suffering from pleuritis.

i) Give 3 causes of chest pain (3)

ii) What is the nerve supply of pleura. (4)

iii) What is pneumothorax. (1)

iv) What are the causes of pnemothorax (2)

b)

A patient presents with hyperextension at the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion at the interphalangeal joints involving the ring and little fingers. There is numbness and tingling of medial part of palm and medial one and a half fingers.

i) what is the condition known as? (1)

ii) which nerve is involved? (1)

iii) name the four sites where the nerve can be involved? (4)

iv) name the muscles supplied by this nerve? (4)

LEQs:

Q.5: a)

Give the Gross and applied anatomy of femoral canal. How a surgeon can enlarge the femoral ring in case of strangulated hernia. (10)

b)

give the development and anomalies of notochord. (10)

SEND UP EXAMINATION 2010

Time allowed: 2 hours

SEQs: (20 marks)

Q.1: Define bursa. Give classification with examples. (7)

Q.2: Describe chorionic villi. (7)

Q.3: Draw and label microscopic thymus. (6)

PBQs: (20 marks)

Q.4: a)

Describe pronator syndrome. What nerve is involved? Name the muscles supplied by this nerve. What is the root value of this nerve?

b)

A 25 year old man has pain in the chest which increases with cough and exertion. Physician has diagnosed ‘pleuritis.’ Name the other causes of chest pain. What is the nerve supply of pleura? What is pneumothorax? What are the causes of pneumothorax?

LEQs: (20 marks)

Q.5: a)

Describe the course of chief artery of thigh. Name its branches.

b)

Describe amnion. What is the role of amniotic fluid? Why and when is amniocentesis performed?

WRITTEN FINAL STAGE 2010:

UPPER LIMB

SEQs:

Q.1: What is cubital tunnel syndrome? Give its components. (5)

Q.2: draw and label the anastomosis around the scapula. Give its clinical importance. (5)

Q.3: draw and label the dermatomes of the upper limb. (5)

Q.4: define the growing end. Name the growing ends of bones of upper limb. (5)

PBQs:

A man was diagnosed with cubital tunnel syndrome.

a) name the nerve involved in the injury. (1)

b) give the root value of the nerve. (1)

c) enumerate the muscles supplied by the nerve. (4)

d) give the actions of the interossei/lumbricals. (4)

LEQs:

Q.5: give the effects of fracture of the shaft of humerus. (10)

WRITTEN FINAL STAGE 2010:

LOWER LIMB:

Q.1: A 40 years old lady wearing high heels has fallen on the ground and has severe pain in foot.

a) what could be the likely cause? (2)

b) name the ligaments of ankle joint. (2)

c) define sprain. (2)

d) which ligament is most commonly involved. (1)

e) give attachment of those ligaments. (3)

Q.2: describe femoral canal. What is femoral hernia? (5)

Q.3: what is tarsal tunnel syndrome? (5)

Q.4: draw and label cutaneous nerve supply of dorsum of foot. (5)

Q.5: write an account on chain of anastomosis on back of thigh. (5)

Q.6: what is trendelenburg test?

WRITTEN FINAL STAGE 2010:

THORAX:

SEQs:

Q.1: give the boundaries of superior thoracic aperture. What is thoracic outlet syndrome? (5)

Q.2: enumerate the structures supplied by phrenic nerve. Give the effects of damage to the right phrenic nerve. (5)

Q.3: what is carina? Give its clinical importance. (5)

Q.4: name the parts of pleura. What are pleural recesses.

PBQs:

A patient came to emergency with retro sternal chest pain and was diagnosed with myocardial infarction.

a) name the artery most commonly affected by the disease. (1)

b) mention the sites of anastomosis between the coronary arteries.(3)

c) name the important branches of the left coronary artery. (3)

d) name the areas supplied by the left coronary arery. (3)

LEQs:

Write an account on the esophagus. Mention the sites of constriction in it. (10)

CLASS ASSESMENTS: (Embryology, General Anatomy and Histology)

Q.1: write notes on down’s syndrome and klinefelter’s syndrome. (5)

Q.2: draw and label spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. (5)

Q.3: classify glands with examples. (5)

Q.4: define finger prints and langer’s lines with their clinical anatomy. (5)

Q.5: what is epiphysis. Give its types and clinical importance. (5)

Q.6: What are abnormalities of placenta? (10)

Q.7: describe somites. (5 marks)

Q.8: name the derivatives of neural crest cells. (5)

Q.9: classify connective tissue with examples. Draw and label the section of articular cartilage. (5)

Q.10: briefly describe multilocular adipose tissue. (5)

Q.11: draw and label haversian system and tendon. (5)

Q.12: what are synovial bursae. Give their importance. (5)

Q.13: write a note on the mechanism of spin movements with examples. (5)

Q.14: write notes on syndesmosis and symphysis. (5)

Anatomy Professional Exam Part1 2011

  

The Professional Exam - Part 1 2011

King Edward Medical University

Thorax Part 3

Thorax video Part 3

3rd part of thorax video taken from the BD chaurasia. Its a mobile format video you can download it to store it in mobile

Thorax Part 2

 Thorax Video Part - 2

2nd part of thorax video taken from the BD chaurasia. Its a mobile format video you can download it to store it in mobile

Thorax Video Part 1

Part - 1 Thorax

1st part of thorax video taken from the BD chaurasia. Its a mobile format video you can download it to store it in mobile

Thorax Region {Updated}

Important Topics

Thorax Region

1. Inlet/Aperture of Thorax
2. Joints of Thorax & Respiratory Movement
3. Course & Branches of Intercostal nerve, Vein & Artery
4. Azygos Vein
5. Pleura
6. Lungs
7. Pericardium & Sinus of Pericardium
8. Heart With Arterial & Venous Supply
9. Transverse Section of the thorax passing though the 5,4,3 Vertebra
10. Thoracic Duct 
11. Broncho-pulmonary Segments
12.  Anatomical Basis for Pain of MI Referring left side of heart
13. Right Atrium With its Development
14. Coarctation of aorta
15. Double Aortic Arch 

**** Maximum of these are of Diagrams & Applied Aspect is Most important

NeuroAnatomy

IMPORTANT TOPICS

NeuroAnatomy

1. Spinal Cord

2. Transverse section of Brain Stem & Spinal cord

3. Ascending(Spinothalamic & Dorsum column medial lemniscal pathway) & Descending(Corticospinal) Tracts.

4. Cerebellum & 4th ventricle

5. Diencephalon  & 3rd ventricle

6. Functional Areas, Sulci, gyri & lobes of Cerebrum

7. Internal capsule

8. Types of White mater & Corpus callosum

9. Lateral Ventricle

10. Blood Supply Of Brain

11. Cerebrospinal Fluid

12.  Visual Pathway & reflexes

13. Auditory pathway

****All the Topics must be done with diagrams & Applied aspect related to the topics

Upper Limb

Important Topics

 

Upper Limb

1. Course of Radial , Ulnar & Median Nerve (with clinical)

2. Lymphatic Drainage of Breast
3. Flexor & Extensor Retinaculum
4. Shoulder Joint
5. Intrinsic Muscles of  Hand with Nerve Supply
6. Muscles of Thenar Spcaes of hand
7. Cubital Fossa
8. Deep Palmer Arch
9. Muscular Space of Scapular region
10. Wrist Joint
11. Palmer Fascial Spaces
12. Dorsal Digital Expension
13. Region of Axilla
14. Anastmosis Around Elbow and Scapula
15. Brachial Plexus
16. Supination & Pronation
**** All of the topics above are important and must be learned with their Diagrams & Applied Aspect.